摘 要：对里约奥运周期中美女排在世界排球三大赛中的拦防战术及2号位拦防阵型特征进行分析。结果表明：中国女排在拦防3号位进攻上与美国女排存在较大差距，在拦防2号位进攻方面更是存在显著差距。比赛中在拦防美国女排2号位快球进攻以及平拉开进攻时，中国女排的拦防效果不理想且拦防阵型存在较大问题；前排拦网与后排防守未能形成有效配合，防守起球效果差且失误较多。建议：面对美国女排2号位快球及平拉开进攻时，中国女排应有针对性地进行拦防布局，比赛中尽可能地提高双人拦网的组成率，同时应根据临场情况灵活运用防守阵型并最大限度地发挥自由人的防守作用，以争取提高球队的整体拦防有效率。
关 键 词：竞赛与训练；女排比赛；拦防战术；拦防阵型；中国；美国
中图分类号：G842 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2018）02-0109-07
An analysis of the characteristics of blocking tactics and position 2 blocking formation of Chinese and American women’s volleyball teams
YANG Guan，ZHANG Min，DUAN Rui
（School of Physical Education，South China Normal University，Guangzhou 510006，China）
Abstract： By applying such methods as literature data research， video observation， software analysis and mathematical statistical comparison etc， the authors carried out an in-depth analysis on the characteristics of blocking tactics and position 2 blocking formation of Chinese and American women’s volleyball teams in the three world major volleyball games in the Rio Olympic cycle， and revealed the following findings： Chinese women’s volleyball team was inferior than American women’s volleyball team in terms of blocking position 3 offense， it was even significantly inferior in terms of blocking position 2 offense； when blocking team USA’s position 2 fast ball offense and open offense during the game， team China’s blocking effect was not ideal and its blocking formation had a big problem； front row blocking and rear row defense failed to form effective cooperation， the defensive ball saving effect was bad and there were a lot of misses. Suggestions： facing team USA’s position 2 fast ball offense and open offense， team China should make blocking arrangements in an action specific way， during the game team China should improve the double blocking formation rate as much as possible， and at the same time， should， according to court circumstances， flexibly apply defense formation and exert the free player’s defensive role to the maximum extent， so as to strive for improving the team’s overall blocking efficiency.
Key words： competition and training；women’s volleyball game；blocking tactics；blocking formation；China；USA
隨着现代排球比赛的对抗日趋激烈，运动员在比赛中所表现出来的身体素质尤其是扣球力量比以往也加重了许多，且扣球速度越来越快，使得比赛中仅仅依靠单一的拦网或是防守都难以有效阻挡和限制对手的强势进攻。不可否认，再好的拦网也无法完全封锁住对手的强势进攻，再强的防守也难以跟上对手的进攻速度以合理取位[1]。时至今日，优秀的球队都已经将拦网和防守作为一个有机的整体来考虑，比赛中努力加强前排拦网和后排防守之间的密切配合，以最大限度提高球队的整体拦防效果[1-2]。可以说，拦防效果如何在某种程度上决定着比赛的最终胜负，意义十分重大。通过对已有文献查阅可知，国外学者已经将前后排拦防配合效果的好坏作为衡量球队在比赛中整体实力强弱的重要组成部分[3]，而国内学者也开始对高水平球队在比赛中的拦防体系、拦防战术配合以及前后排拦防站位等方面进行了相关探讨[4-6]。然而，大部分研究尚不够深入，尤其是对拦防阵型方面的研究还较少。事实证明，在高水平排球比赛中拦防战术的密切配合和拦防阵型的合理运用也是决定球队整体拦防效果的重要因素，这一点不容忽视。
