当前位置:裕丰范文网>范文大全 > 公文范文 > 人工智能政策:入门与路线图①

人工智能政策:入门与路线图①

时间:2022-03-20 09:44:03 公文范文 浏览量:

  摘 要:新一轮人工智能热潮至少有两点独特之处:一是得益于计算能力和训练数据的巨大增长,机器学习取得实质性突破,促使人工智能的大规模应用成为可能;二是决策者终于给予了密切的关注。当前,人工智能引发了一系列严峻的政策挑战,包括公正与平等、武力使用、安全与认证、隐私和权力、税收和失业以及机构配置与专业知识、投资和采购、消除归责的障碍、人工智能的心理模型等跨领域问题。人工智能末日论反映了人类对于人工智能等拟人化科技的特殊恐惧,在可预见的未来并不会真实发生。相反,对人工智能末日论投入过多的关注和资源,可能会分散决策者对于人工智能更直接的危害和挑战的注意力,进而阻碍有关人工智能对当前社会影响的研究。
  关键词:人工智能;政策挑战;机器学习;人工智能末日论
  1 该文原载于《加州大学戴维斯分校法律评论》(UC Davis Law Review’s)2017年第51卷第2期。感谢作者对译事的慷慨授权。摘要和关键词由译者整理添加。
  2 参见Cade Metz, In a Huge Breakthrough, Google’s AI Beats a Top Player at the Game of Go, Wired, Jan. 27,2016。报道称经过几十年的努力,谷歌的人工智能终于在围棋游戏中击败了人类顶级选手。围棋是一款有着2500年历史,比象棋更为复杂的考验策略和直觉能力的游戏。
  3 参见Cathy O’Neil,Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, Crown,2016,p.27(作者将这种算法与大规模杀伤性武器相比较,认为两者都将带来恶性循环);Julia Angwin,et al., Machine Bias, Propublica, May 23, 2016(文章探讨了算法在生成风险评估指数时所犯的错误)。
  1 参见Martin Ford, Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future, Basic Books,2015:p.xvi(该书预测,机器的角色将由工人的工具向工人本身进化)。
  2 参见James Barrat, Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era, Thomas Dunne Books,2013:p.5(该书作者认为,“人类将与这个问题斗争到底”)。
  3 See Batya Friedman,Helen Nissenbaum, “Bias in Computer Systems”, in ACM Transactions on Info. Sys.,1996,14,p.330.
  4 参见Harley Shaiken, A Robot Is After Your Job: New Technology Isn’t a Panacea, N.Y. Times, Sept. 3, 1980。有关机器人取代人类工作岗位的时间表,请参见:Louis Anslow, Robots Have Been About to Take All the Jobs for More than 200 Years, Timeline,May 16, 2016。
  5 See Selmer Bringsjord,et al., Creativity, the Turing Test, and the (Better) Lovelace Test, in Minds and Machines,2001,11,p.5;Peter Stone,et al.,Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030: Report of the 2015 Study Panel,2016,p.50.
  6 参见Peter Stone,et al., Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030: Report of the 2015 Study Panel,2016,pp.50-51; Will Knight, Facebook Heads to Canada for the Next Big AI Breakthrough, MIT Tech. Rev.,Sept. 15, 2017(該文介绍了与加拿大有关的人工智能领军人物以及技术突破)。
  7 See Peter Stone,et al., Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030: Report of the 2015 Study Panel,2016,p.14; National Science and Technology Council, Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence,2016,p.6.
  8 See Louis Anslow, Robots Have Been About to Take All the Jobs for More than 200 Years, Timeline,May 16, 2016.
  9 不过,肯尼迪总统发表了一篇关于“高效和强有力的政府领导”必要性的演讲,以回应“自动化问题”。参见John F. Kennedy, Remarks at the AFL-CIO Convention,June 7,1960。
  10 See Louis Anslow, Robots Have Been About to Take All the Jobs for More than 200 Years, Timeline,May 16, 2016.

推荐访问:路线图 人工智能 入门 政策

版权所有:裕丰范文网 2005-2024 未经授权禁止复制或建立镜像[裕丰范文网]所有资源完全免费共享

Powered by 裕丰范文网 © All Rights Reserved.。备案号:粤ICP备05055207号-1